Summary Peripheral ulcerative keratitis describes a group of inflammatory diseases involving the peripheral cornea. It is associated with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Symptoms include pain, redness, tearing, photophobia and decreased visual acuity. Signs…
Summary Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is defined as joint inflammation presenting in children under the age of 16 years, and persisting for at least six weeks, with other causes excluded. It is the most common cause of paediatric anterior uveitis,…
Summary Anisocoria is a condition involving unequal pupil sizes. The many causes of anisocoria range from benign to serious, life-threatening conditions. Aetiology n Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupils are of different sizes. Anisocoria is derived from the…
Summary Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the separation of the vitreous membrane from the neurosensory retina. This is a very common condition amongst older patients, due to natural changes in the vitreous fluid that occur with ageing. Whilst PVD itself…
Summary There are several genetic disorders with ocular manifestations that are important to learn about for the Duke-Elder exam. Here, we summarise the key learning points about these conditions. Stickler syndrome n Stickler syndrome is a group of hereditary connective…
Summary Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause that has numerous clinical features, but mostly affects the lungs, eyes, lymph nodes and skin. Sarcoidosis is one of the commonest systemic associations of uveitis. Aetiology n Sarcoidosis is a…
Summary Various topical, intra-vitreal and systemic medications can cause retinal toxicity. Despite the presence of the blood-ocular barrier, the retina is still susceptible to the toxic effects of certain drugs, leading to dysfunction and degeneration of the retina . In…
Summary Keratopathy is defined as disease of the cornea. There are many different types of keratopathy; some have local causes, whereas others have systemic causes. Here, we provide a summary of some of the important types of keratopathy to learn…
Summary Corneal dystrophies are a group of progressive disorders involving abnormal, usually bilateral deposition of substances in the cornea, which can eventually opacify the cornea and obstruct vision. Underlying genetic abnormalities have been identified for most corneal dystrophies, and most…