Summary Corneal dystrophies are a group of progressive disorders involving abnormal, usually bilateral deposition of substances in the cornea, which can eventually opacify the cornea and obstruct vision. Underlying genetic abnormalities have been identified for most corneal dystrophies, and most…
Summary In this article, we describe lesions to the 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves, which are the cranial nerves responsible for ocular movement. Third nerve n The oculomotor nucleus is located at the level of the superior colliculus ventral…
Summary Injuries to the eye can pose a serious threat to vision if not treated appropriately and in a timely manner. Ocular trauma is also an easily tested topic in the Duke-Elder exam. Here, we summarise the important classes of…
Summary Central serous retinopathy (CSR) is an idiopathic disorder involving a localised serous detachment of the sensory retina at the macula due to leakage from the choriocapillaris through sites of increased permeability on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Background n…
Summary Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious retinochoroiditis (inflammation of the retina and the choroid) worldwide. It is caused by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Where treatment is indicated, toxoplasmosis is managed with the triad of systemic pyrimethamine,…
n Summary Reactive arthritis is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that typically develops after a genitourinary or gastrointestinal infection. The classic triad of symptoms are arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis. Aetiology n Reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter’s syndrome) is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy…
Summary n Behçet’s disease is an idiopathic, multisystem disease characterised by recurrent aphthous oral ulcers, genital ulceration and uveitis. Background n Behçet’s disease is an idiopathic, multisystem disease characterised by recurrent aphthous oral ulcers, genital ulceration and uveitis. Vasculitis of…
Summary Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune, HLA-B27 associated chronic inflammatory disease characterised by inflammation and stiffening of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is associated with many systemic and ocular features. The most common ocular feature is acute anterior uveitis.…
n Summary The visual pathway describes the anatomical pathway responsible for the conversion of light energy into electrical action potentials. which are then sent to the brain. It consists of the retina, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate…
Summary n Eyelid malposition is the abnormal positioning of the eyelids. In this article, we will describe ptosis, ectropion and entropion. n Ptosis nPtosis is an abnormally low position of the upper eyelid. n Measurements nn n Margin reflex distance…